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Zanjan, Iran

Coordinates: 36°41′11″N 48°29′43″E / 36.68639°N 48.49528°E / 36.68639; 48.49528
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Zenjan" redirects here. For the village in Isfahan province, see Zaranjan. For the administrative division of Zanjan province, see Zanjan County. For the administrative division of Iran, see Zanjan province. For other uses of the same name, see Zanjan.

Zanjan
Persian: زنجان
City
Clockwise rotation: Zolfaghari House, Hosseinieh Azam Zanjan Mosque's clique, Night photo of the city, Zanjan bazaar, Jameh Mosque of Zanjan.
Official seal of Zanjan
Seal
Zanjan is located in Iran
Zanjan
Zanjan
Coordinates: 36°41′11″N 48°29′43″E / 36.68639°N 48.49528°E / 36.68639; 48.49528[1]
CountryIran
Region3
ProvinceZanjan
CountyZanjan
DistrictCentral
Government
 • MayorAlireza Firouzfar
 • ParliamentWaqfchi and Ahmadi
Elevation
1,638 m (5,374 ft)
Population
 (2024)[2]
 • Total
698,255
 • Rank
20th in Iran
Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST)
Websitewww.Zanjan.ir

Zanjan (Persian: زنجان; pronounced [zænˈdʒɒːn] ⓘ)[3][a] is a city in the Central District of Zanjan County, Zanjan province, Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county, and the district.[6] Zanjan is located in Azerbaijan region of Iran.

Zanjan is known for its handcrafts such as knives, traditional sandals, called charoogh, and malileh, a handcraft made with silver wires. Zanjani artists make many things like various decorative dishes and their special covers as well as silver jewelry. In ancient times, Zanjan was known for its stainless and sharp knives. But this tradition is gradually becoming extinct by introduction of Chinese-made knives into the market which are far cheaper, more abundant and less artistic [citation needed]. Many villagers today are traditional carpet weavers. Zanjan's population boasts the highest level of happiness among the people of 30 other provinces in Iran, according to a detailed survey conducted by Isna.[7]

History

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Drawing by Eugène Flandin

According to the Nuzhat al-Qulub of the 14th-century Iranian geographer Hamdallah Mustawfi (died after 1339/40), Zanjan was said to have been founded by the first Sasanian ruler Ardashir I (r. 224–242), who named it "Shahin." During the Arab invasion of Iran, Zanjan was conquered in 645 by a force led by al-Barra ibn Azib. Medieval geographers generally agree that Zanjan was located in the region of Jibal/Persian Iraq, near the frontier of the neighbouring region of Azerbaijan. Some geographers also include Zanjan as part of Daylam or Ray.[8]

After 833, the Abbasid Caliphate had a chain of forts constructed from Zanjan to Ardabil to counter the 817–837 rebellion of the Khurramite leader Babak Khorramdin (died 838).[9] In the 10th-century, Zanjan was ruled by local Daylamite dynasties such as the Musafirids (919–1062).[8] According to the 13th-century Arab geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi (died 1229), the Persians referred the city as "Zangan."[10] During the Ilkhanate era (1256–1335), the inhabitants were reported by Hamdallah Mustawfi to have spoken "pure Pahlavi" (pahlavī-e rāst), a Median or northern form of Persian.[11][12]

One important moment in the history of the city was in 1851 when the city became a center for the suppressed Babi religious movement, along with Neyriz and a fortress known as Shaykh Tabarsi. The forces of the central government captured the Babi fort in Zanjan after a long siege on the orders of Grand Vizier (Prime Minister of Iran) Amir Kabir and killed or expelled the Bab's followers.[13]

Before becoming the capital of the namesake Zanjan province, Zanjan was a county of the Gilan province.[11]

Demographics

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Language and ethnicity

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The population of Zanjan consists mostly of Iranian Azeris who are bilingual in Azerbaijani and Persian.[14]

Approximately half of the population of Zanjan province lives in Zanjan city.[14] In a 2017 study, researchers concluded that Azerbaijani-speaking families in the city display language shift to Persian.[14]

Population

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At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 341,801 in 89,829 households.[15] The following census in 2011 counted 386,851 people in 110,943 households.[16] The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 430,871 people in 132,469 households,[2] making it the 20th largest city in Iran.

The city lies 298 km (185 mi) northwest of Tehran on the main highway to Tabriz and Turkey, and approximately 125 km (78 mi) from the Caspian Sea. It is about 20 km (12 mi) south of the Qaflankuh Mountain Range.

Geography

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According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, rainfed agriculture makes up around 42% of Zanjan's land cover and grasslands account for another 37%. The remainder is bareland, irrigated agriculture, forest, orchard and riverbanks. Only 1.07% of the land is urban development.[17]

Climate

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Zanjan has a cold semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSk) with hot, dry summers and cold, moist winters, often with snowfall. Precipitation is very low, and mostly falls between October and May. On February 13, 2020, a temperature of -21.0 °C (-5.8 °F) was recorded.[18]

Climate data for Zanjan (1991-2020, records 1955-2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 18.1
(64.6) 		22.0
(71.6) 		27.2
(81.0) 		32.0
(89.6) 		33.3
(91.9) 		40.0
(104.0) 		40.5
(104.9) 		43.0
(109.4) 		37.0
(98.6) 		30.0
(86.0) 		24.0
(75.2) 		22.5
(72.5) 		43.0
(109.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 5.5
(41.9) 		7.6
(45.7) 		13.0
(55.4) 		18.7
(65.7) 		23.9
(75.0) 		29.8
(85.6) 		32.8
(91.0) 		32.9
(91.2) 		28.9
(84.0) 		21.9
(71.4) 		13.3
(55.9) 		8.0
(46.4) 		19.7
(67.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) −0.9
(30.4) 		1.3
(34.3) 		6.1
(43.0) 		11.5
(52.7) 		16.2
(61.2) 		21.5
(70.7) 		24.5
(76.1) 		24.2
(75.6) 		19.6
(67.3) 		13.4
(56.1) 		6.3
(43.3) 		1.5
(34.7) 		12.1
(53.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −5.2
(22.6) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		−0.5
(31.1) 		4.8
(40.6) 		8.2
(46.8) 		11.6
(52.9) 		14.9
(58.8) 		14.4
(57.9) 		10.3
(50.5) 		6.2
(43.2) 		1.2
(34.2) 		−2.8
(27.0) 		5.1
(41.2)
Record low °C (°F) −30.0
(−22.0) 		−28.6
(−19.5) 		−19.6
(−3.3) 		−11.0
(12.2) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		1.6
(34.9) 		5.4
(41.7) 		4.5
(40.1) 		0.0
(32.0) 		−6.0
(21.2) 		−15.2
(4.6) 		−24.8
(−12.6) 		−30.0
(−22.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 26.0
(1.02) 		29.0
(1.14) 		39.6
(1.56) 		51.3
(2.02) 		38.8
(1.53) 		9.7
(0.38) 		8.4
(0.33) 		4.4
(0.17) 		3.3
(0.13) 		20.2
(0.80) 		36.5
(1.44) 		28.5
(1.12) 		295.7
(11.64)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 5.0 5.5 6.4 8.0 6.7 2.3 1.8 1.0 0.7 3.8 5.3 5.2 51.7
Average rainy days 10.8 10.1 12.6 13.0 11.5 4.2 2.7 2.3 1.9 6.4 8.0 9.9 93.4
Average snowy days 9.6 8.0 5.6 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 6.7 32.8
Average relative humidity (%) 71 67 58 55 52 42 42 40 43 52 65 70 54.8
Average dew point °C (°F) −6.8
(19.8) 		−5.6
(21.9) 		−3.5
(25.7) 		0.7
(33.3) 		4.2
(39.6) 		5.9
(42.6) 		8.7
(47.7) 		7.7
(45.9) 		4.4
(39.9) 		1.7
(35.1) 		−1.5
(29.3) 		−4.7
(23.5) 		0.9
(33.7)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 147 161 196 218 280 345 350 348 309 244 163 138 2,899
Source 1: NOAA NCEI[19]
Source 2: [1] (records, rain days, snow/sleet days 1955-2010)

Main sights in the city of Zanjan

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Soltaniyeh Dome

Zanjan bazaar

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Zanjan's bazaar is a public marketplace that started in Agha Mohammadkhan Ghajar-era in 1784 CE, and completed in 1792 CE during the Fath-Ali Shah-era.[20] Mosques and a bath were added later. This bazaar has 940 shops, which consist of two defined parts, namely Bazaar-e Bala (upper bazaar) and Bazaar-e Paieen (lower bazaar).[20] Vendors are organized by their professions and commodities.[20]

Jameh Mosque of Zanjan

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The central mosque of Zanjan is Jameh Mosque of Zanjan, also known as the Seyyed Mosque (Masjid-e-Seyyed), this was constructed in 1826 during the Qajar-era, by one of Fath-Ali Shah's sons.[21] This mosque was built in the old area of the city and it's the religious center of Zajan.

Saltmen museum at Zolfaghari House

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It's built on Imam Street. This building holds six naturally preserved human remains called saltmen or “namaki”, which had been discovered in 1993 in the Chehrabad salt mines. These remains are originally from Achaemenian-era.

Tofighi’s building

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Tofighi's building is related to last parts of Qajar-era and Pahlavi-era. It's built on Imam Street. It was a house of the greatest man of Zanjan that was mayor of city. This building has 2 floors and consists of a symmetrical form.

Match company

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The Match company (3 stars match company) is related to Pahlavi-era and located on Safa street. It is the second company of city and constructed by Mahmud Shalchi, before the World War II. It has a brick chimney.

Dadamaan Hotel Zanjan

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The old abbey was constructed 200 years ago in the area of Enghelab square which is the most central and oldest part of Zanjan. It initially served as a caravanserai and then for approx. 80 years it was the house of one of Zanjan's scholars, Sheikh Jalal Ashabi.

It had been uninhabited for 20 years after the passing of the Seikh from 1997. It began to be renovated in 2017 and now serves as a traditional hotel.

Sangi Caravanserai

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The Sangi Caravanserai (stone caravanserai) is an ancient roadside inn, constructed in Safavi-era and was converted into a restaurant in the 1990s.[22][23] It's a single story stone building that has four iwans (porches) and a ceiling that is arcuate.

Rakhtshooy Khaneh Edifice

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The Rakhtshooy Khaneh Edifice is a historical wash-house and Iranian national heritage site, that is currently being used as Zanjan anthropological museum.[24]

Industries

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  • Lead
  • Zinc
  • Pasteurized milk
  • Chemical productions
  • Weaving
  • Cotton
  • Food productions
  • Transformer
  • Electrical productions[clarification needed]

Handicrafts

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The most famous handicrafts are knives, charuq (a local style of women's shoes, similar to clodhopper shoes),[25] filigree and gilding. Gilding is the one important art for decoration the books and calligraphies. Other handicrafts include coppersmithing, rug weaving and carpet weaving (including Kilim and Jajim style).[25]

Colleges and universities

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Zanjan is also home to several universities such as:

Sports

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Zanjan is known for having one of the best indoor sport climbing walls in the Middle East, located in Enghelab sports complex. The facility also includes standard speed climbing walls. The city's football team is Shahrdari Zanjan F.C., who play in the 2nd Division.[26]

Notable people

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For a complete list see: Category:People from Zanjan, Iran

Sister cities

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[edit]
  • Archaeology museum of Zanjan
    Archaeology museum of Zanjan
  • Jeme'h Mosque of Zanjan
    Jeme'h Mosque of Zanjan
  • Bazaar of Zanjan
    Bazaar of Zanjan
  • Rakhtshur khaneh, (traditional laundry house of Qajar era, Zanjan's Museum of Anthropology)
    Rakhtshur khaneh, (traditional laundry house of Qajar era, Zanjan's Museum of Anthropology)
  • University of Zanjan
    University of Zanjan
  • Soltaniyeh's tiles (interior designs)
    Soltaniyeh's tiles (interior designs)

See also

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Media related to Zanjan at Wikimedia Commons

Notes

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  1. ^ Azerbaijani: Zəncan;[4] Turkish: Zencan[5]

References

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  1. ^ OpenStreetMap contributors (9 September 2024). "Zanjan, Zanjan County" (Map). OpenStreetMap (in Persian). Retrieved 9 September 2024.
  2. ^ a b Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016): Zanjan Province. amar.org.ir (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original (Excel) on 27 April 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  3. ^ Zanjan, Iran can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3088976" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
  4. ^ Bayramzadeh, Samad. "Güney Azərbaycan: tarix və müasirlik". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. ^ "ZENCAN". TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish). Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  6. ^ Habibi, Hassan (c. 2023) [Approved 7 July 1369]. Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of elements and units of the national divisions of Zanjan province, centered in Zanjan city. lamtakam.com (Report) (in Persian). Ministry of the Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Council. Notification 82844/T141K. Archived from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2023 – via Lam ta Kam.
  7. ^ "ایسنا - شادترين استانهاي ايران كدامند؟". isna.ir.
  8. ^ a b Bosworth 2002, p. 446.
  9. ^ Mottahedeh 1975, p. 75.
  10. ^ Le Strange 1905, p. 222.
  11. ^ a b Bosworth 2002, p. 447.
  12. ^ Yarshater 1988, pp. 238–245.
  13. ^ Abdu'l-Bahá, Edward Granville. "A Traveller's Narrative Written to Illustrate the Episode of the Báb", Published by Kalimat Press, 2004, ISBN 1-890688-37-1, ISBN 978-1-890688-37-0
  14. ^ a b c Mirvahedi, Seyed Hadi; Jafari, Rasoul (2017). "Family language policy in the City of Zanjan: a city for the forlorn Azerbaijani". International Journal of Multilingualism. 18 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1080/14790718.2018.1545019.
  15. ^ Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006): Zanjan Province. amar.org.ir (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  16. ^ Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011): Zanjan Province. irandataportal.syr.edu (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original (Excel) on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022 – via Iran Data Portal, Syracuse University.
  17. ^ "Zanjan Province - Land Cover Map" (PDF). Food and Agriculture Organization.
  18. ^ "40729: Zanjan (Iran)". ogimet.com. OGIMET. 13 February 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  19. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Zanjan" (CSV). ncei.noaa.gov. NOAA. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
  20. ^ a b c "Zanjan Bazaar". Iran Daily. 4 May 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  21. ^ Rasaneh, Sirang. "Zanjan Jame' (Seyed) Mosque in Zanjan, Travel to IRAN". itto.org | Iran Tourism & Touring. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  22. ^ "Caravanserai Sangi Registered as National Monument". Tehran Times. 1 December 1998. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  23. ^ "Canning Town Caravanserai". Caravanserai in the Modern World. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  24. ^ "Rakhtshooy Khaneh Historical Edifice in Iran's Zanjan". Tasnim News Agency. 28 July 2018. Archived from the original on 16 July 2022.
  25. ^ a b Rasaneh, Sirang. "Handicrafts and Souvenirs of Zanjan in Zanjan, Travel to IRAN". itto.org | Iran Tourism & Touring. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  26. ^ "تیم فوتبال"شهرداری زنجان"پیدا شد" [The football team of "Zanjan Municipality" was found]. newspaper.hamshahrionline.ir. Retrieved 5 April 2021. تیم شهرداری زنجان طبق قانون قابل برگشت به شهرداری است و این موضوع با مصوبه اعضای شورای شهر مطالبه می‌شود [The Zanjan Municipality team can be returned to the municipality according to the law, and this issue is demanded with the approval of the city council members]
  27. ^ ""Cənubi Azərbaycanın Mandelası"" [Iranian Azerbaijanis are happy about the release of Said Matinpour] (in Azerbaijani). BBC Azərbaycanca. 27 August 2015. Archived from the original on 29 August 2015.
  28. ^ a b "Zanjan sister Malacca, Malaysia". Zanjan Shora. 29 September 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2015.

Sources

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